| Antibiotics in small medicine animals Antimicrobial agents are classified functionally according to the manner in which they adversely affect a micro-organism. Some organisms develop an ability to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent. Resistance against certain drugs in cases of antimicrobial treatment occurs usually as a result of prolonged growth of an organism in sublethal concentrations and the survival of the organisms which have the least innate susceptibility to the agent. Subtherapeutic dosage used in mass medication programs as preventives against unspecific infections carry the risk of creating resistant strains. Therefore it is reasonable to culture and identify the involved organisms and to perform a sensitivity test to determine the most appropriate antibacterial drug. On top of that allows a distinct treatment as well in cases where the first drug of choice was not successful. It is necessary to keep in mind clinical studies and experiences as well as results of pharmacological and toxicological characteristics. Species, age, organ system and other features should be considered as well. The following table shows recommended drugs, proprietary name, dosage and special characteristics and precautions. Ophthalmic drugs and drugs for topical otitis-treatments are included.
drugs (proprietary name) | therapeutic areas | dosage/ comment | 1. Penicillium group (Oligopeptides) | local and systemic infection of skin or respiratory tract | not for use in ?exotic pets? Cave: allergic reaktions with Penicillium | | Penicillium (Penicillium G, Penicillium V) | | 10.000-20.000 I.E.(15-25mg)/kg s.c., i.m., i.v. 1-4 x daily., 8-10(-30)mg/kg p.o. tid | | Leptospira infection | 25.000-40.000 I.E./kg bw i.m., i.v. bid like Streptomycin | Oxa- und Cloxacillin (Stapenor H.M.?) | | 11-55 mg/kg p.o. bid/tid | Ampicillin (Ampisan 20?, Lokalin 20?, Ampitab?) | | 10-25 (cat:-50)mg/kg p.o. tid 10-20 mg/kg s.c., i.m., i.v. tid birds: 50 mg/kg i.m. bid/tid 100mg/l water rodents: 25mg/kg i.m., s.c., 50-200mg/kg p.o. bid | Amoxicillin (Clamoxyl?) | | 5-10mg/kg p.o. bid birds: 150mg/kg i.m., s.c., 150mg/kg p.o. 2x tgl., 200-400mg/l water 300-500mg/kg soft food rodents:100-150mg/kg i.m., s.c. bid | Amoxicillin and Clavulanacid (Synulox?) | | 5-10mg/kg p.o. bid birds: 125mg/kg p.o. bid |
2. Cephalosporine | UTR and skin infections | Normally no cross reaction with Penicillium, in some cases of renal faillure > nephrotoxicity | | Cephaclor (Panoral?) | | 20mg/kg bid (max. 750mg) if neccessary increase to tid | Cephalexin (Cobaxim?, Rilexine?) | | 20-30mg/kg p.o. bid birds: 35-50mg/kg tid. p.o. reptiles: 40-80mg/kg i.m.sid at 30?C rodents: 15-30mg/kg i.m. bid/tid | Cephoperazon (Peracef?, Cefobis?) | | topic application, udder injectors, otitis |
3. Tetracycline | locale and systemic infectionen, drug of choise for Ehrlichiosis, Haemo-bartonellosis, Borreliosis, infections with Chlamydia, Mykoplasma and Campylobacter | Cave: staining of teeth in juveniles | | Tetracyclin (Tetracyclin, Terramycin?, Aureomycin?) | | 10-20mg/kg p. o., 1mg/kg i.v. bid (Chlamydia infektion in cats 7 mg/kg i.v, i.m.), rodents (excl.hamster/ guinea pig 15-30mg/kg p.o | Doxycyclin (Doxycyclin, Ronaxan?, Vibravenös?, Doxirobe Gel?) | | 5-10mg/kg/Tag, p.o. bid birds: 10mg/kg/Tag i.m., 10-25mg/kg p.o. bid 100mg/kg i.m. once a week, 500mg/l water no suppliment of grit during treatment reptiles: 10 mg/kg i.m. sid |
5. Polypeptides | intestinal tract infections locale infections of eye and ear with Pseudomonas | (neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity) | | Polymixin B (Stoparin?, Surolan?) | | 2-3mg/kg p.o. bid/tid | PolymixinE /Colistin (Colistin?) | | 2-3mg/kg p.o. tid |
6. Makrolides | infection of respiratory and urogenital system, bone marrow, and dermal infections, Mykoplasma infections | | | Erythromycin (Erythromycin?, Erythrocin?) | | 10-20mg/kg s.c. bid 5-10mg/kg p.o. qid Cave: vomitus in dogs birds:20mg/kg i.m., s.c., 125mg/ml water, 200mg/kg soft food | Tylosin (Tylosin?, Tylan?) | | 2-10mg/kg i.m./day, increase dosage in chronic colitis Cave: injection pain birds:20-40mg/kg i.m.bid., 500mg/l water, aerosol 100mg soluble in 5ml DMSO u. 10ml NaCl-solution reptiles 25mg/kg i.m./sid at 30?C rodents 10mg/kg bid i.m., s.c. |
7. Lincosamide | infection of skin and bones, arthritis | | | Lincomycin (Albiotic?) | | 10mg/kg i.m., 20mg/kg p.o. bid Cave: Colitis in hamsters/rabbits | Clindamycin (Antirobe?, Sobelin?) | wound cavites- and dental infektion, | 5-10mg/kg p.o. bid osteomyelitis 11mg/kg exp.rabbits dental infections 7.5 mg/kg | Toxoplasmosis | 5-10mg/kg p.o. tid/qid |
8. Gyrase inhibitors | infection of respiratory and urogenital system, bone and joint, Chlamydia infections. | Cave: cartilage damage in juveniles | | Enrofloxacin (Baytril?) | | 5mg/kg/Tag, p.o., s.c. in Pseudomonas infections 5mg/kg bid birds: 10-20mg/kg im, p.o. sid/bid | Marbofloxacin (Marbocyl?) | | 2mg/kg i.v., s.c., p.o./sid birds: 10mg/kg p.o./sid |
9. micelaneous | | Chloramphenicol (Chloramphenicol, Chloromycetin?, Chlorasel?, Ibemycin?) | infections with Chlamydia, Mykoplasma, Rickettsia and Bacteroides, meningo-encephalitis | 30mg/kg i.m., p.o., s.c. bid mouse: 50mg/kg i.m. bid 200mg/kg p.o. bid rodents: 15-50mg/kg i.m., p.o. bid | Sulfonamid u. Trimethoprim (Trimethoprim- Sulfonamid?, Eusaprim?, Bactrim?, Borgal?, Tribrissen?) | infections with Chlamydia, Coczidia and Toxoplasma | 15-20(30) mg/kg/sid for both substances, different applications depending on preparation meningitis: 15mg/kg s.c., p.o. tid mastitis: 30mg/kg p.o. bid birds: 8mg/kg i.m., s.c. bid., 20mg/kg p.o. bid reptiles: 15-30mg/kg i.m./sid at 24?C rodents:50-120mg/kg i.m., s.c./sid 100mg/kg p.o./sid | Nitrofurantoin (combined preparations: Urofur?, Urospasmon?, Uroclear?) | urinary tract infections | 4mg/kg p.o. bid (related to Nitrofurantoin), prophylactic in cases of recurrent urinary tract infections :3-4 mg/kg/sid after last urination in the evening |
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